A Data Analysis on Prescription Drug Discount Coupons
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Introduction
Prescription drug costs in the United States have gone from $121 billion in 2000 to almost $360 billion in 2020 with the data we have. An average American spends $1,200 per person per year on prescription drugs, the highest in the world. The high cost is not the result of a more than average consumption but the high prices of prescription drug in the United States. For those with insurance, this burden can be lightened, but for the 10.3% of Americans who do not have insurance, this out of pocket outlay can be a huge burden.
Prescription drug discount coupons are one way to curb out of pocket prescription costs. These coupons are available on numerous websites. A consumer can go to these websites and enter the drug name and their zip codes. The website provides a list of the prices (with the coupon) for the prescription drug along with the name of the store offering the listed price. The consumer can choose the pharmacy with the cheapest price and take the coupon to the drug store to purchase the drug.
Pharmaceutical companies use drug discount coupons as a marketing tool. This practice came under attack by consumer advocates who found that most of these coupons were offered for brand name drugs. The coupons would lead consumers to buy more expensive brand name drugs when cheaper generic alternatives were available. In recent years, however, consumer watch dogs started recommending the use of drug discount coupons as drug discount websites are evolving by offering more coupon choices and putting money back into the pockets of consumers.
Objective and Data set
The objective of this project was to scrape drug discount websites in the Pittsburgh area and determine (1) which types of stores are offering the best deals on drug discounts (2) do more popular drugs have better deals than less popular drugs (3) do more expensive drugs have better deals than cheaper drugs and finally (4) how can local pharmacies (the small guys) use drug discounts to be more competitive with larger pharmacy chains?
In order to perform the analysis the following data was gathered:
- Data on top 200 prescription drugs based on number of prescriptions filled. This data was scraped from a website that teaches pharmacology students about the most popular drugs. Each of the top 200 drugs had the following data: drug name, number of prescriptions filled for that drug in 2018 and ranking.
- Three prescription drug discount websites were scraped for the 200 drugs above using the Pittsburgh zip code. The drug coupon discounted price was retrieved for 154 drugs from Site 1, 102 drugs from Site 2 and 110 drugs from Site 3. Along with the drug price, the store offering the price was also collected. Site 1 had 10 stores, site 2 had 8 stores and site 3 had 6 stores.
- Store category information was also included for each of the stores. There were 5 category of stores - Local Pharmacy, Pharmacy Chain (CVS, Walgreens etc.), Grocery Chain (Kroger, Giant etc.), Department Store (Walmart, Target etc.) and Wholesale(Costco)
Data analysis
Initial view of the variables of interest
The initial view of the data revealed the following graphs. It showed that most drugs were in similar ranges(in terms of prices and popularity) on all three web sites. This is to be expected since all three websites were provided the same drug list. The concentration of data points in the lower left grid needed to be studied further.
Drilling into the price related statistics of each site showed an anomaly in the standard deviation of Site 1. This difference was attributed to an outlier drug.
Removal of the drug revealed the following boxplot that showed that the three sites were quite similar in terms of drug price composition
Even though the combined data from the three websites would have been better to work with, one limitation was that the drug composition across the three websites were different. Consequently, each site had to be evaluated independently.
Store composition by website
The data had stores in five different categories (1) Local pharmacies which were smaller stores or local groceries with pharmacies (2) pharmacy chains which were large national drug stores (3) grocery chains which were large grocery stores (4) department stores which were large national department stores and (5) wholesale warehouses.
A very interesting finding was that each site had a different makeup of store types. Sites 2 and 3 seemed to have more local pharmacies than Site 1. Site 1 had all five categories of stores. Site 2 had four categories and Site 3 had three categories. The store compositions were as follows:
Web site 1 store types
Web site 1 store typesWeb site 2 store types
Web site 2 store typesWeb site 3 store type
Web site 3 store typeWhich store had the lowest prices and which one was charging the most?
To find the stores that were offering the lowest prices and charging the highest prices, the statistical minimum and statistical maximum drug price in each drug category were used. The minimum and maximum value were aggregated by store type.
In Site 1, grocery chains had the lowest prices, followed by department stores. This is mainly because grocery chains and department stores tend to offer low prescription drug prices to attract customers to come into the store. Local pharmacies were not as cut throat when it came to drug prices. In Site 2 and Site 3, local pharmacies were offering the lowest prices but were only better than pharmacy chains and department stores. It is possible that local pharmacies looked like leaders in these sites because there were no grocery chains and few department stores.
Web site 1 store types with the lowest price
Web site 1 store types with the lowest priceWeb site 2 store types with the lowest price
Web site 2 store types with the lowest priceWeb site 3 store types with the lowest price
Web site 3 store types with the lowest priceAll three sites showed that Pharmacy chains were charging the most for prescription drugs followed by department stores. Local pharmacies showed that they were competitive with pharmacy chains, department stores and wholesale stores.
Web site 1 store types with the highest price
Web site 1 store types with the highest priceWeb site 2 store types with the highest price
Web site 2 store types with the highest priceWeb site 3 store types with the highest price
Web site 3 store types with the highest priceThe takeaway for local pharmacies is that they need to study drug prices of grocery chains and department stores to determine how they can be competitive.
Data on the Competitiveness in Each Store
In addition to looking at the lowest and highest prices, the analysis also included studying stores that offered the most competitive price. This was calculated by subtracting the lowest prices from all the prices in each drug category. This value was labelled as the “Price Difference.” Stores that were competitive had a low “Price Difference.”
Site 1 showed that even though local pharmacies were not offering the lowest price, they were behind grocery stores and were more competitive than department stores. Site 2 and Site 3 showed that local pharmacies were very competitive on price.
Web site 1 - price competitiveness
Web site 1 - price competitivenessWeb site 2 - price competitiveness
Web site 2 - price competitivenessWeb site 3 - price competitiveness
Web site 3 - price competitivenessThe learning from the above graphs was that the local pharmacies need not offer the lowest price for their drugs but must gain margin from grocery chains by being even more competitive.
Data on Drug popularity and competitiveness
Using the same competitiveness parameter of “Price Difference,” the analysis sliced into the category of ten most popular drugs and the ten least popular drugs. Drug popularity was based on the number of prescriptions filled for each drug.
Since Site 3 was already dominated by local pharmacies, this analysis focused on Sites 1 and 2. In Site 1, for the ten most popular drugs, local pharmacies and grocery chains were neck and neck. For the least popular drugs, grocery chains were ahead. In Site 2, for the ten most popular drugs, local pharmacies were ahead of grocery chains. So, when it came to drug popularity, local pharmacies were very competitive, even against the grocery chains. This indicates that local pharmacies needed to study the mid range drugs to be more competitive with grocery chains.
Web site 1 competitiveness among top 10 popular drugs
Web site 1 competitiveness among top 10 popular drugsWeb site 2 competitiveness among top 10 popular drugs
Web site 2 competitiveness among top 10 popular drugsWeb site 1 competitiveness among 10 least popular drugs
Web site 1 competitiveness among 10 least popular drugsWeb site 2 competitiveness among 10 least popular drugs
Web site 2 competitiveness among 10 least popular drugsDrug price and competitiveness
The final part of the analysis studied the “Price Difference” variable in light of the ten most expensive drugs and the ten cheapest drugs. In Site 1, there was a huge variation in the distribution for the ten most expensive drugs which meant that there were a lot of opportunities to be competitive in this area. Further study will be required to determine what kind of coupons are offered in these categories and whether local pharmacies can afford to be competitive in this area. Among the least expensive drugs, local pharmacies were very competitive.
In Site 2, local pharmacies were not competitive in the most expensive category but were competitive in the least expensive drugs category. This is probably an area local pharmacies can ignore.
Web site 1 competitiveness among ten most expensive drugs
Web site 1 competitiveness among ten most expensive drugsWeb site 2 competitiveness among ten most expensive drugs
Web site 2 competitiveness among ten most expensive drugsWeb site 1 competitiveness among ten least expensive drugs
Web site 1 competitiveness among ten least expensive drugsWeb site 2 competitiveness among ten least expensive drugs
Web site 2 competitiveness among ten least expensive drugsConclusion
Based on the above analysis, the following recommendations can be made to local pharmacies when it comes to offering drug discount coupons:
- Local pharmacies need to have a larger presence in more drug discount websites so they can be more visible to price conscious customers
- Pharmacies need to study pricing of grocery chains and determine if they can cut into their margins especially for drugs that are in the mid price category
- Pharmacies can expand their competitiveness in the popular drug category
Future work
The following areas needed to be studied further:
- Analysis based on median or mean
- Get more data on drugs and add analysis on those features: drug types i.e. generic vs.brand dosages
- Normalize data across sites based on exactly same drug types and perform analysis across sites
- Broaden the study to other geographical areas
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